Phan, Martin
Period 4
12/21/04
U3, C10 Key Terms
- term- The specified length of time served by elected officials in their elected offices
Example: Each term of Congress lasts for two years; and each term is numbered consecutively. (p. 237)
- session- the regular period of time during which a legislative body conducts business
Example: There are two sessions to each term of Congress. (p. 237)
- special session- An extraordinary session of a legislative body
Example: Congress can also meet in special session—a meeting called by the President to deal with a pressing issue. (p. 238)
- apportioned- distribution of seats in a legislative body among electoral districts
Example: The Constitution provides that the total number of seats shall be apportioned—that is, distributed—among the States on the basis of their respective populations. (p. 238)
- reapportion- Redistribution of political representation on the basis of population changes, usually after a census
Example: Article I of the constitution directs congress to reapportion—redistribute—the seats in the House after each decennial census. (p. 239)
- single-member district- Electoral district from which one person is chosen by the voters for each office on the ballot
Example: Under the single-member district arrangement, the voters in each district elect one of the State’s representatives from among a field of candidates running for a seat in the House from that district. (p. 241)
- at-large- Election of an officeholder by the voters of an entire governmental unit (e.g., a State or county) rather than by the voters of a district, a subdivision of that area.
Example: Under that arrangement, all of the State’s seats were filled at-large—that is, from the States as a whole. (p. 241)
- gerrymandered- The drawing of electoral district lines to the advantage of a party or group
Example: Those districts have usually been gerrymandered. (p. 242)
- continuous body- Governing unit such as the Senate whose seats are never all up for election at the same time
Ex: The Senate then, can be called a continuous body. (p. 246)
- constituents- All persons represented by a legislator or other elected officeholder
Example: In addition, members of Congress also serve as committee members; representatives of their constituents, the people of their States or districts. (p. 250)
- oversight function- Review by legislative committees of the policies and programs of the executive branch
Example: As another and vital part of their committee work representatives and senators also exercise the oversight function. (p. 250)
Phan, Martin
Period 4
12/21/04
U3, C11 Key Terms
- strict constructionist- One who advocates a narrow interpretation of the Constitution’s provisions, in particular those granting power to government
Example: The strict constructionists, led by Thomas Jefferson, continued to argue the Anti-Federalist position from the ratification period. (p. 260)
- liberal constructionist- One who believes that the provisions of the Constitution, and in particular those granting power to government, are to be construed in broad terms
Example: The liberal constructionists, led by Alexander Hamilton, had led the fight to adopt the Constitution. (p. 260)
- direct tax- A tax that must be paid by the person on whom it is levied
Example: A direct tax is one that must be paid by the person on whom it is imposed. (p. 262)
- indirect tax- A tax levied on one party but passed on to another for payment
Example: As a general rule, however, an indirect tax is one first paid by one person but then passed on to another. (p. 263)
- commerce power- Exclusive power of Congress to regulate interstate and foreign trade
Example: The commerce power—the power of congress to regulate interstate and foreign trade—is a vital to the welfare of the nation as the taxing power. (p. 264)
- legal tender- Any kind of money that a creditor must by law accept in payment for debts
Example: Legal tender is any kind of money that a creditor must by law accept in payment for debts. (p. 266)
- bankruptcy- Court action to release a person or corporation from unpaid debts
Ex: Bankruptcy is the legal proceeding in which the bankrupt’s assets are distributed among those to whom a debt is owed. (p. 267)
- copyright- The exclusive, legal right of a person to reproduce, publish, or sell his or her own literary, musical, or artistic creations
Example: A copyright is the exclusive right of an author to reproduce, publish, and sell his or her creative work. (p. 268)
- patent- A license issued to an inventor granting the exclusive right to manufacture and sell his or her invention for a limited period of time
Example: A patent grants a person the sole right to manufacture, use, or sell “any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof.” (p. 269)
- eminent domain- Power of a government to take private property for a public use
Example: It may do so, too, through the exercise of eminent domain—the inherent power to take private property for public use. (p. 270)
- Necessary and Proper Clause- Part of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to make all laws “necessary and proper” for executing its powers; has been used to expand greatly congressional power
Example: The Necessary and Proper Clause is a dramatically important part of the Constitution. (p. 271)
- impeach- Formal charge (accusation of misconduct) brought against a public official by the lower house in a legislative body; trial, and removal upon conviction, occurs in the upper house
Example: The House has the sole power to impeach—bring charges—and the Senate the sole power to judge—sit as a court—in impeachment cases. (p. 276)
Phan, Martin
Period 4
12/21/04
U3, C12 Key Terms
- Speaker of the House- The presiding officer of the House of Representatives, chosen by and from the majority party in the House.
Ex: Basically, the great power held by the Speaker arises from this fact: The Speaker of the House is both the elected presiding officer of the House and the acknowledged leader of its majority party. (p. 285)
- president of the Senate- The presiding officer of a senate: in Congress, the vice President of the United States; in a State’s legislature, either the lieutenant governor or a senator
Ex: The president of the Senate, the presiding officer in that body, is not a member of the Senate. (p. 286)
- president pro tempore- The member of the United States Senate, or of the upper house of a State’s legislature, chosen to preside in the absence of the president of the Senate
Ex: The Senate does have another presiding officer, the president pro tempore, who serves in the Vice President’s absence. (p. 286)
- floor leader- Members of the House and Senate picked to carry out party decisions and steer legislative action to meet party goals
Ex: The floor leaders are legislative strategists. (p.286)
- whip- Assistants to the floor leaders, responsible for monitoring and marshalling votes
Ex: The job of a whip is to check with party members and advise the floor leader of the number of votes that can be counted on in any particular matter. (p. 287)
- party caucus- A meeting of party leaders and/or members to conduct party business
Ex: The party caucus is a closed meeting of the members of each party in each house. (p. 287)
- committee chairman- Member who leads a standing committee in a legislative body
Ex: Thus, each committee chairman—those members who head the standing committees in each chamber—also hold strategic posts. (p. 289)
- seniority rule- Unwritten rule in both houses of Congress, that the top posts in each chamber will (with rare exception) be held by “ranking members,” i.e., those with the longest records of service; applied most strictly to committee chairmanships
Ex: The seniority rule provides that the most important posts, in both the formal and the party organization in each chamber, will be held by its ranking members—those party members—those party members with the longest records of service in Congress. (p. 289)
- standing committee- Permanent committee in a legislative body to which bills in a specified subject matter area are referred
Ex: Each house then began to set up permanent groups, known as standing committees to which all similar bills could be sent. (p. 290)
- select committee- Legislative committee created for a limited time and for some specific purpose
Ex: At times, each house finds need for a select committee—a special group set up for some specific purpose and, most often, for a limited time. (p. 293)
- joint committee- Legislative committee composed of members of both houses
Ex: A joint committee is one composed of members from both houses.
(p. 294)
- conference committee- Temporary joint committee created to reconcile any differences between the two houses’ versions of a bill
Ex: When this happens a conference committee—a temporary, joint body—is created to iron out the differences in the bill. (p. 294)
- bill- A proposal presented to a legislative body for possible enactment as a law
Ex: Bills are proposed laws, or drafts of laws, presented to the House or Senate for enactment. (p. 297)
- joint resolution- Legislative measure that must be passed by both houses and approved by the chief executive to become effective; similar to a bill, with the force of law, and often used for unusual or temporary purposes
Ex: Joint resolutions are little different from bills, and when passed have the force of law. (p. 294)
- concurrent resolution- Measure passed by both houses of a legislature that does not have the force of law nor require the chief executive’s approval; often used to express the legislature’s opinion or for internal rules or housekeeping
Ex: Concurrent resolutions deal with matters in which the House and Senate must act jointly. (p. 297)
- resolution- Measure relating to the internal business of one house in a legislature, or expressing that chamber’s opinion on some matter, without the force of law
Ex: Resolutions deal with matters concerning either house alone and are taken up only by that house. (p. 297)
- rider- Provision, unlikely to pass on its own merit, added to an important bill certain to pass so that it will “ride” through the legislative process
Ex: A rider is a provision not likely to pass on its own merit that is attached to an important measure certain to pass. (p.297)
- discharge petition- A procedure to bring a bill to the floor of the legislative body when a committee has refused to report it.
Ex: When that happens, the bill can be blasted out of the committee with a discharge petition. (p. 298)
- subcommittee- Division of existing committee that is formed to address specific issues
Ex: Today, most committees do most of their work through their several subcommittees—divisions of existing committees formed to address specific issues. (p. 298)
- committee of the Whole- A committee that consists of an entire legislative body; used for a procedure in which a legislative body expedites its business by resolving itself into a committee of itself
Ex: The Committee of the Whole is the House sitting not as itself but as one large committee of itself. (p. 301)
- quorum- Least number of members who must present for a legislative body to conduct business
Ex: For example, a quorum—majority of the full membership, 218—must be present in order for the House to do business. (p. 301)
- filibuster- Various tactics (usually prolonged floor debate) aimed at defeating a bill in a legislative body by preventing a final vote on it; often associated with the U.S. Senate
Ex: Essentially, a filibuster is an attempt to “talk a bill to death.” (p. 304)
- cloture- Procedure that may be used to limit or end floor debate in a legislative body
Ex: Rule XXII provides for cloture—that is, limiting debate. (p. 306)
- veto- -Chief executive’s power to reject a bill passed by a legislature; literally (Latin) “I forbid”
Ex: The President may veto—refuse to sign—the bill. (p. 307)
- pocket veto- Type of veto a chief executive may use after a legislature has adjourned; it is applied when the chief executive does not formally sign or reject a bill within the time period allowed to do so
Ex: The fourth option is a variation of the third called the pocket veto.
(p. 307)
Phan, Martin
Period 4
12/22/04
U4, C13 Key Terms
- chief of state – term for the president as the head of the government of the United States, symbol of all the people of the nation.
Example: The president is the chief of state and the ceremonial head of the government of the United States. (p.316)
- chief executive – term for the president as bested with the executive power of the United States.
Example: The president is the nation’s chief of executive. (p.316)
- chief administrator – term for the president as head of the administration of the federal government.
Example: The president is also the chief administrator of the federal government. (p.316)
- chief diplomat – term for the president as the main architect of foreign policy and spokesperson to other countries.
Example: The president is also the nation’s chief diplomat. (p.316)
- commander in chief – term for the president as commander of the nation’s armed forces.
Example: The constitution makes the president the commander in chief of the nation’s armed forces. (p.316)
- chief legislator – term for the president as architect of public policy and the one who sets the agenda for Congress.
Example: The president is also the chief legislator, the main architect of its public policies. (p.316)
- chief of party – term for the president as the leader of his or her political party.
Example: The president acts as the chief of party who is the acknowledged leader of the political party that controls the executive branch. (p.316)
- chief citizen – term for the president as the representative of the people, working for the public interest.
Example: The office also automatically makes of its occupant the nation’s chief citizen. The president is expected to be “the representation of all the people.” (p.316)
- presidential succession – manner in which a vacancy in the presidency is to be filled.
Example: The vice president is to become Acting President if presidential succession is required. (p.324)
- presidential electors – the persons elected by voters to represent them in making a formal selection of the president and vice president.
Example: Each of the several states would have as many presidential electors as it has senators and representatives in Congress. (p.327)
- electoral college – group of persons (presidential electors) chosen in each state and the District of Columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the president and vice president.
Example: The original version of the electoral college worked as the Framers intended only for as long as George Washington was willing to seek and hold the presidency. (p.328)
- presidential primary – election at which a party’s voters (1) choose some or all of a state party organization’s delegates to that party’s national convention, and/or (2) express a preference among various contenders for the party’s presidential nomination.
Example: The presidential primary first appeared in the early 1900’s. (p.332)
- winner-take-all – an almost obsolete system whereby the presidential aspirant who won the preference vote in a primary automatically won the support of all the delegates chosen in the primary.
Example: A state has 40 convention delegates. IF a candidate won 45% of the primary vote, he automatically won the support of at least 18 of the delegates. (p. 333)
- keynote address – speech given at a party convention to set the tone for the convention and the campaign to come.
Example: The keynote address is almost always the high point of the first session. (p.336)
- platform – written declaration of the principles and policy positions of a political party, usually adopted at that party’s convention.
Example: Both parties tend to produce somewhat generalized comments on many of the hard questions of the day due to platform. (p.337)
- electorate – all of the persons entitled to vote in a given election.
Example: In many States, a State-wide election often hangs on the behavior of some specific group in the electorate. (p.346)
Phan, Martin
Period 4
12/22/04
U4, C14 Key Terms
- media – means of communicating with people, such as the press, radio, and television.
Example: Every recent president, from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton, has purposely used the media. (p.355)
- executive order – rules, regulations issued by a chief executive or his/her subordinates, based upon either constitutional or statutory authority and having the force of law.
Example: The president has the power to issue executive orders. (p.356)
- treaty – formal agreement made between or among sovereign states.
Example: The president, usually acting through the secretary of state, negotiates these international agreements. (p.361)
- executive agreement – pact made by the president with head of foreign state; a binding international agreement with the force of law but which (unlike a treaty) does not require Senate consent.
Example: Most executive agreements either flow out of legislation already passed by Congress or out of treaties to which the Senate has agreed. (p.361)
- recognition – the exclusive power of a president to recognize, establish formal diplomatic relations with, foreign states.
Example: The president acts for the United States, acknowledges the legal existence of that country and its government. (p.362)
- reprieve – an official postponement of execution of a sentence.
Example: The president’s power to grant reprieves is absolute except in cases of impeachments where they may never be granted. (p.368)
- pardon – release from the punishment or legal consequences of a crime, by the president (in a federal case) or a governor (in a State case).
Example: The president’s power to grant pardons is absolute except in cases of impeachments where they may never be granted. (p.368)
- commutation – the power to reduce (commute) the length of a sentence or fine for a crime.
Example: The pardoning power includes the power of commutation. (p.368)
- amnesty – a general pardon offered to a group of law violators.
Example: The pardoning power also includes the power of amnesty. (p.368)
- federal budget – detailed estimate of federal income and outgo during the coming fiscal year, and a work plan for the execution of public policy.
Example: The budget-making function is the preparation of an annual statement of the public policies of the United States. (p.371)
- cabinet – presidential advisory body, traditionally composed of the heads of the executive departments and other officers the president may choose.
Example: The cabinet is the product of custom and usage. (p.373)
Phan, Martin
Period 4
12/22/04
U4, C15 Key Terms
- bureaucracy – any large, complex administrative structure; a hierarchical organization with job specialization and complex rules.
Example: Bureaucracy is a way of organizing people to do work. (p.382)
- bureaucrat – person with defined responsibilities in a bureaucracy.
Example: There is a specific division of labor. (p. 381)
- administration – the officials and agencies of the executive branch that carry out public policies.
Example: Without an administration, the government’s many administrators and agencies, even the best policies would amount to so many words. (p.382)
- independent agencies – agencies created by Congress outside of the cabinet departments.
Example: Today, there are nearly 150 independent agencies. (p.388)
- quasi-legislative – ability of government bodies with certain executive (administrative) functions to exercise certain rule-making and decision-making powers.
Example: These agencies exercise their quasi-legislative powers when they make rules and regulations. (p.390)
- quasi-judicial – ability of government bodies with certain executive (administrative) functions to exercise certain rule-making and decision-making powers.
Example: The regulatory commissions exercise their quasi-judicial powers when they decide disputes in those fields in which Congress has given them their policing authority. (p.391)
- spoils system – practice of awarding government jobs, contracts, and other favors to friends and supporters.
Example: Whatever Jackson’s view, many saw the spoils system as a way to build and hold power. (p.396)
- patronage – practice of giving government jobs to supporters and friends.
Example: Patronage was in wide use in politics long before Jackson’s presidency. (p.396)
- registers – list of viable job candidates maintained by the Office of Personnel Management in the federal recruiting and hiring process.
Example: When there is a job opening in some agency, OPM usually sends it the names of the top three persons on its register for that type of position. (p.398)
Phan, Martin
Period 4
12/22/04
U4, C17 Key Terms
- isolationism – basic part of American foreign policy until World War II; a policy of refusing to become generally involved in world affairs.
Example: This country’s relationships with countries abroad were largely shaped by a policy of isolationism. (p.425)
- foreign policy – the actions and stands that a nation takes in every aspect of its relationships with other countries’ everything a nation’s governments says and does in world affairs.
Example: A nation’s foreign policy is made up of all of its many foreign policies. (p.426)
- right of legation – the right of a nation to send and receive diplomatic representatives.
Example: More than 4200 men and women now represent the United States abroad as members of the Foreign Service. (p.429)
- ambassador – a personal representative appointed by the head of a nation to represent that nation in matters of diplomacy.
Example: Each American ambassador is the personal representative of the president of the United States. (p.429)
- passport – certificate issued by a government, identifying a person as a citizen of a country and authorizing that person to travel, live abroad.
Example: Legally, no American citizens may leave the United States without a passport, except for trips to Canada, Mexico, and a few other nearby places. (p.430)
- visa – a permit to enter another state, obtained from the country one wishes to enter.
Example: Most visas to enter this country are issued at American consulates abroad. (p.430)
- diplomatic immunity – practice in international law under which ambassadors and other diplomatic officials have special privileges and are not subject to the laws of the state to which they are accredited.
Example: Diplomatic immunity is essential to the ability of every nation to conduct its foreign relations. (p.430)
- draft – process by which people enter compulsory service in the military.
Example: But from 1940 to 1973, the draft was a major source of military manpower. (p.437)
- collective security – basic purpose of the U.N. and a major goal of American foreign policy, to create a system in which participating nations agree to take joint action to meet any threat to or attack on another member.
Example: The United States, and most of the rest of a war-weary world, looked to the principle of collective security to keep international peace and order after World War II. (p.442)
- deterrence – basic feature of American foreign policy; to maintain massive military strength in order to prevent any attack upon this country or its allies.
Example: The policy of deterrence is another major plank of current American foreign policy.
- containment – basic feature of American foreign policy since World War II, to contain Soviet communism within its own boundaries as a way to reduce its influence and force its eventual collapse.
Example: The policy of containment was rooted in the belief that if communism could be contained within its existing boundaries it would collapse under the weight of its internal weaknesses. (p.444)
- foreign aid – economic and military aid to other countries as a means of fulfilling foreign policy goals.
Example: It began with the Lend-Lease program of the early1940s, in which the United States gave nearly $50 billion in food, munitions, and other supplies to its allies in World War II. (p.447)
- regional security alliance – defensive alliance formed by negotiating a mutual defense treaty with countries that agree to take collective action to meet aggression in various parts of the world.
Example: In each of those treaties, the United States and the other countries involved have agreed to take collective action to meet aggression in a particular part of the world. (p.448)
- UN Security Council – United Nation council bearing the UN’s major responsibility for maintaining international peace.
Example: The UN Security Council is made u p of 15 members. (p.451)
Phan, Martin
Period 4
12/23/04
U5, C18 Key Terms
- jurisdiction – the authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Example: The Constitution gives the federal courts jurisdiction over certain cases. (p. 462)
- exclusive jurisdiction – cases can be heard only in the federal courts.
Example: A case involving an ambassador or some other official of a foreign government is exclusive jurisdiction. (p. 464)
- concurrent jurisdiction – federal and state courts share the power to hear the cases.
Example: Disputes involving citizens of different States are concurrent jurisdictions. (p. 464)
- plaintiff – the one who initiates the suit. Example: The plaintiff may bring the case in the proper State or federal court. (p. 464)
- defendant – the party who must defend against the complaint. Example: The defendant may have it moved to the federal district court.
(p. 464)
- original jurisdiction – a court in which a case is heard first.
Example: In the federal court system, the district courts have only original jurisdiction. (p. 464)
- appellate jurisdiction – a court that hears a case on appeal from a lower court. Example: The courts of appeals have only appellate jurisdiction. (p. 464)
- writ of certiorari – an order by the Court directing a lower court to send up the record in a given case for its review. Example: Either party to a case can petition the Court to issue a writ. (p. 474)
- certificate – process is used when a lower court is not clear about the procedure or the rule of law that should apply in a case. Example: The lower court asks the Supreme Court to certify the answer to a specific question in the matter. (p. 475)
- majority opinion – it is the Opinion of the Court. Example: It announces the Court’s decision in a case and sets out the reasoning on which it is based. (p. 476)
- concurring opinion – one or more of the justices who agree with the Court’s decision.
Example: This concurring opinion is to make a point that was not made in the majority opinion. (p. 476)
- dissenting opinion – the opinion of justices who do not agree with the Court’s majority decision. Example: Chief Justice Hughes once described dissenting opinions as “an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law, to the intelligence of a future day.” (p. 476)
- redress – satisfaction of the claim, payment.
Example: The rancher wanted to secure redress with his animals. (p. 478)
Phan, Martin
Period 4
12/24/04
U5, C19 Key Terms
- Bill of Rights – the first ten amendments. Example: The Bill of Rights contains many rights and liberties to the people. (p. 486)
- civil liberties – protections against government. Example: Civil liberties are guarantees of the safety of persons, opinions, and property from the arbitrary acts of government. (p. 486)
- civil rights – reserved for those positive acts of government that seek to make constitutional guarantees a reality for all people. Example: From this perspective, examples of civil rights would include the prohibitions of discrimination on the basis of race or sex. (p. 486)
- aliens – foreign-born residents. Example: The Supreme Court has often held that “persons” covers aliens. (p. 487)
- Due Process Clause – an amendment stating that no State shall deny a person’s right of due process of law. Example: The Supreme Court has often held that this provision means that no State can deny to any person any right that is “basic or essential to the American concept of ordered liberty.” (p. 488)
- Establishment Clause – a wall of separation between church and state. Example: The Court did not hear its first Establishment Clause case until 1947. (p. 490)
- Free Exercise Clause – guarantees to each person the right to believe whatever that person chooses to believe in matters of religion. Example: The Free Exercise Clause is protected by the 1st and 4th amendments. (p. 496)
- libel – the false and malicious use of printed words.
Example: Libel is an attempt to injure a person’s reputation or character. (p. 500)
- slander – the false and malicious use in spoken words. Example: Slander is an attempt to injure a person’s character or reputation through voice. (p. 500)
- shield laws – gives reporters some protection against having to disclose their sources or reveal other confidential info in legal proceedings in those States. Example: States have passed these shield laws, contrary to Congress. (p. 502)
- symbolic speech – expression of conduct.
Example: Expression by facial expression is symbolic speech. (p. 503)
- picketing – involves patrolling of a business site by workers who are on strike. Example: Picketers attempt to inform the public of the controversy. (p. 504)
- espionage – practice of spying for a foreign power.
Example: Espionage can hinder a nation’s war effort. (p. 506)
- sabotage – involves an act of destruction intended to hinder a nation’s war or defense effort. Example: Sabotage is another form of espionage. (p. 506)
- treason – crime of disloyalty to his or her nation. Example: Treason can consist only in levying war against the nation or supporting its enemies. (p. 506)
- sedition – the incitement of resistance to lawful authority. Example: Sedition presents a much more delicate problem, for it involves the use of spoken or written words. (p. 506)
Phan, Martin
Period 4
12/24/04
U5, C20 Key Terms
- due process – government must act fairly and in accord with established rules. Example: The 14th amendment guarantees due process. (p. 517)
- police power – the power of each State to act to protect and promote the public health, safety, morals, and general welfare. Example: What a State can and cannot do in the exercise of their police power is decided by the courts. (p. 519)
- search warrant – a court order authorizing a search.
Example: Police must have attained a search warrant to search any person’s property. (p. 519)
- probable clause – reasonable grounds. Example: They must have a proper warrant with probable cause. (p. 523)
- exclusionary rule – evidence gained as the result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from it was seized. Example: The exclusionary rule was first used in Weeks vs. United States. (p. 524)
- writ of habeas corpus – intended to prevent unjust arrests and imprisonments. Example: It is a court order directed to an officer holding a prisoner. (p. 528)
- bill of attainder – legislative act that inflicts punishment without a court trial. Example: Neither Congress nor the States can pass such measures. (p. 529)
- ex post facto law – criminal law applied retroactively to the disadvantage of the accused.
Example: A law making it a crime to sell marijuana cannot be applied to one who sold it before that law was passed. (p. 529)
- grand jury – the formal device by which a person can be accused of a serious crime.
Example: If the grand jury finds that there is enough evidence for a trial, it returns a “true bill of indictment.” (p. 529)
- indictment – a formal complaint laid before a grand jury by the prosecutor.
Example: If the grand jury finds that there is enough evidence for a trial, it returns a “true bill of indictment.” (p. 529)
- presentment – a formal accusation brought by the grand jury on its own motion, rather than that of the prosecutor. Example: Presentment is little used in federal courts. (p. 530)
- information – an affidavit in which the prosecutor swears that there is enough evidence to justify a trial. Example: If there is not enough information, a trial will not hold. (p. 530)
- double jeopardy – means that once a person has been tried for a crime, he or she cannot be tried again for that same crime. Example: If a person violates federal and state law with a single act, that person is tried only once. (p. 530)
- bench trial – a judge hears the case alone.
Example: If a defendant waives the right to a jury trial, then it becomes a bench trial. (p. 532)
- Miranda Rule – under the rule, before police may question suspects, those persons must be read the rights that appear next to the photo on the previous page. Example: The Miranda Rule has been in force for than 30 years now. (p. 535)
- bail – a sum of money that the accused may be required to post as a guarantee that he or she will appear in court at the proper time. Example: The bail must bear a reasonable relationship to the seriousness of the crime. (p. 536)
Phan, Martin
Period 4
12/24/04
U5, C21 Key Terms
- reservation – public lands set aside by a government for use by Native American groups.
Example: More than 2.3 million Native Americans reside on reservations. (p. 547)
- refugee – one who leaves his or her home to seek refuge from war.
Example: Many Mexicans are refugees. (p. 549)
- segregation – separation of one group from another. Example: Many blacks and whites were segregated in the past. (p. 551)
- Jim Crow Law – law to isolate one group from another. Example: The Jim Crow Laws were mainly aimed at blacks. (p. 551)
- separate-but-equal doctrine – forbids racial segregation. Example: This doctrine did not violate the Equal Protection Clause. (p. 552)
- de jure segregation – segregation by law with legal sanction. Example: School systems with this law had been abolished by 1970. (p. 553)
- de facto segregation – segregation in fact.
Example: Housing patterns have most often been its major cause. (p. 553)
- affirmative action – that policy requires that most employers take positive steps to remedy the effects of past discriminations. Example: Some colleges are in favor of affirmative action where they accept the minorities of the majorities. (p. 557)
- quota – rules requiring certain numbers of jobs or promotions for certain groups. Example: A quota can hinder many companies if they are required to hire less skilled employees. (p. 558)
- reverse discrimination – discrimination against the majority group.
Example: A quota and affirmative action are examples of reverse discrimination. (p. 558)
- citizen – one who owes allegiance to a state.
Example: Are citizens entitled to owe allegiance and protection to a state? (p. 561)
- jus sanguinis – a child born abroad can become a citizen if at least one parent was a citizen. Example: The 14th Amendment does not provide for jus sanguinis. (p. 561)
- jus soli – law of soil, where born.
Example: The 14th Amendment convers citizenship according to the location of a person’s birth. (p. 561)
- naturalization – the legal process by which a person becomes a citizen of another country at some time after birth. Example: Congress has the exclusive power to provide for naturalization. (p. 562)
- alien – citizen of a foreign state. Example: Aliens now become naturalized American citizens each year. (p. 562)
- expatriation – the legal process by which a loss of citizenship occurs. Example: The Supreme Court has several times held that the Constitution prohibits automatic expatriation. (p. 564)
- denaturalization – loss of citizenship involuntarily.
Example: Denaturalization can occur only by court order and only after it has been shown that the person became a citizen by fraud or deception. (p. 564)
- deported – a legal process in which aliens are legally required to leave the United States.
Example: An alien may be deported if he or she enters the nation with false papers. (p. 566)
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